Liquid metal-based plant electronic tattoos for in-situ monitoring of plant physiology

Flexible plant sensors, as a noninvasive and real-time monitoring method for physiology, are becoming crucial precision agriculture. However, integrating flexible devices with plants challenging due to their fragility complex surfaces. In this study, we introduce liquid metal-based electronic tattoo (LM-PET) that can harmlessly continuously monitor the loss of water content electrical signals, which critical parameters analyzing physiological status. The LM-PET achieves double-sided conductivity through soluble electrostatic spinning films transferring technology, effectively addressing issue mismatch between rigid interface surface delicate plants. fabricated electrode adhere tightly leaf long time significantly broaden scope moisture monitoring, even in cases severe wrinkling caused by loss. At optimum operating frequency 100 kHz, sensitivity reach 25.4 kΩ%−1. Thus, LM-PETs record signals generated when abiotic stresses threaten They also significant providing deeper understanding drought adaptation mechanisms developing drought-resistant varieties. offer data-driven crop management decision-making guidance, is imperative advancing Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into performance agricultural inputs facilitate growth development.